Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

CiteULike is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references - click here to get started.

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Tourist Studies
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Heimtun, B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Depathologizing the tourist syndrome

Tourism as social capital production

Bente Heimtun

Institute of Transport Economics, Norway, bhe{at}toi.no

The intention of this article is to discuss and contrast two central aspects of a published interview with Zygmunt Bauman addressing the nature of `the tourist syndrome' (Franklin, 2003). First, the tourist syndrome is a metaphor for contemporary living in liquid modernity and second, tourism is referred to as `a substitute satisfaction of a genuine need' (Franklin, 2003: 214). The interview presents a critical and somewhat sceptical perspective on tourism and social life, in which the tourist syndrome is labelled a `peg community' and the tourism industry characterized as an insatiable seducer. Based on the experiences of Norwegian midlife single women, a more positive notion is suggested. Although most of the midlife single women do not seek difference as tourists, the meaning of tourism is not superficial and/or contrived. It is rather a space for bonding with significant others and about social integration in everyday life.

Key Words: gender • mixophilia • mixophobia • peg community • social capital • social integration • tourist syndrome

References

  • Aitchison, C., N.E. MacLeod and S.J. Shaw (2000) Leisure and Tourism Landscapes. Social and Cultural Geographies. London: Routledge.
  • Bagnoli, A. (2004) `Researching Identities with Multi-Method Autobiographies', Sociological Research Online 9(2). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/9/2/bagnoli.html.
  • Bauman, Z. (1996) `From Pilgrim to Tourist - Or a Short History of Identity', pp. 18-36 in S. Hall and P. du Gay (eds) Questions of cultural identity. London: SAGE.
  • Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2001) Community. Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2003) Liquid Love. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Baumbusch, J.L. (2004) `Unclaimed Treasures: Older Women's Reflections on Lifelong Singlehood', Journal of Women and Aging 16(1/2): 105-21.
  • Bell, L. (1998) `Public and Private Meanings in Diaries. Researching Family and Childcare', pp. 72-86 in J. Ribbens and R. Edwards (eds) Feminist Dilemmas in Qualitative Research. Public Knowledge and Private Lives. London: SAGE.
  • Boorstin, D.J. (1962) The Image or What Happened to the American Dream. New York, NY: Atheneum.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986) `The Forms of Capital', pp. 241-58 in J. G. Richardson (ed) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. with L. Boltanski, R. Castel, J.C. Chamboredon and D. Schnapper (1990) Photography. A Middle-brow Art. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. with A. Darbel and D. Schnapper (1991) The Love of Art. European Art Museums and their Public. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Brehm, S., R.S. Miller, D. Perlman and S.M. Campell (2002) Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
  • Bruner, E.M. (1995) `The Ethnographer/Tourist in Indonesia', pp. 224-41 in M. F. Lanfant, J.B. Allcock and E. M. Bruner (eds) International Tourism: Identity and Change. London: SAGE.
  • Byrne, A. (2000) `Singular Identities: Managing Stigma, Resisting Voices', Women's Studies Review 7: 13-24.
  • Byrne, A. (2003) `Developing a Sociological Model for Researching Women's Self and Social Identities', The European Journal of Women's Studies 10(4): 443-64.[CrossRef]
  • Catterall, M. and P. Maclaran (1997) `Focus Group Data and Qualitative Analysis Programs: Coding the Moving Picture as well as the Snapshots', Sociological Research Online 2(1). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/cgi-bin/abstract.pl?2/1/6.html.
  • Certeau, M. de (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Charmaz, K. (2005) `Grounded Theory in the 21st Century. Applications for Advancing Social Justice Studies', pp. 507-35 in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Coates, J. (1996) Women Talk. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Cohen, E. (1972) `Toward a Sociology of International Tourism', Social Research 39(1): 164-82.
  • Cohen, E. (1979a) `A Phenomenology of Tourism Experience', Sociology 13(2): 179-201.[Abstract]
  • Cohen, E. (1979b) `Rethinking the Sociology of Tourism', Annals of Tourism Research 6(1): 18-35.[CrossRef]
  • Crang, P. (1997) `Performing the Tourist Product', pp. 137-54 in C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds) Touring Cultures.Transformations of Travel and Theory. London: Routledge.
  • Crompton, J. (1979) `Motivation for Pleasure Vacation', Annals of Tourism Research 6(4): 408-24.[CrossRef]
  • Crompton, J.L. (1981) `Dimensions of the Social Group Role in Pleasure Vacations', Annals of Tourism Research 8(4): 550-68.[CrossRef]
  • Dalton, S.T. (1992) `Lived Experience of Never-Married Women', Issues in Mental Health Nursing 13(2): 69-80.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Davidson, P. (1996) `The Holiday and Work Experience of Women with Young Children', Leisure Studies 15(2): 89-103.[CrossRef]
  • DeLongis,A., K.J. Hemphill and D.R. Lehman (1992) `A Structured Diary Methodology for the Study of Daily Events', pp. 83-109 in F. B. Bryant, J. Edwards, R. S. Tindale, E. J. Posavac, L. Heath, E. Henderson and Y. Suarez-Balcazar (eds) Methodological Issues in Applied Social Psychology. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Dey, I. (1999) Grounding Grounded Theory. Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry. San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
  • Doorne, S. and I. Ateljevic (2004) `Tourism Performances as Metaphor: Enacting Backpacker Travel in the Fiji Islands', pp. 173-89 in A. Jaworski and A. Pritchard (eds) Discourse, Communication and Tourism. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Durkheim, E. (2002) Suicide. A Study in Sociology. London: Routledge.
  • Elliot, H. (1997) `The Use of Diaries in Sociological Research on Health Experiences', Sociological Research Online 2(2). Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/7.html.
  • Fehr, B. (1996) Friendship Processes. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Frankland, J. and M. Bloor (1999) `Some Issues Arising in the Systematic Analysis of Focus Group Materials', pp. 144-55 in R. S. Barbour and J. Kitzinger (eds) Developing Focus Group Research. Politics,Theory and Practice. London: SAGE.
  • Franklin, A. (2003) `The Tourist Syndrome. An Interview with Zygmunt Bauman', Tourist Studies 3(2): 205-17.[Abstract]
  • Glaser, B.G. and A.L. Strauss (1977) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
  • Glover, T.D. and J.L. Hemingway (2005) `Locating Leisure in the Social Capital Literature', Journal of Leisure Research 37(4): 384-401.
  • Glover, T.D., D.C. Parry and K.J. Shinew (2005) `Building Relationships, Accessing Resources: Mobilizing Social Capital in Community Garden Contexts', Journal of Leisure Research 37(4): 450-74.
  • Goffman, E. (1969) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Books.
  • Gordon, T. (1994) Single Women. On the Margins? London: Macmillan Press.
  • Graburn, N.H. (1989) `Tourism: The Sacred Journey', pp. 21-36 inV.L. Smith (ed.) Hosts and Guests.The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Green, E. (1998) ``Women Doing Friendship': An Analysis of Women's Leisure as a Site of Identity Construction, Empowerment and Resistance', Leisure Studies 17(3): 171-85.[CrossRef]
  • Grosz, E. (1995) `Women, Chora, Dwelling', pp. 47-58 in S. Watson and K. Gibson (eds) Postmodern Cities and Spaces. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Gullestad, M. (1984) Kitchen-Table Society. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
  • Haldrup, M. and J. Larsen (2003) `The Family Gaze', Tourist Studies 3(1): 23-45.[Abstract]
  • Harrison, J. (2003) Being a Tourist. Finding Meaning in Pleasure Travel. Toronto: UBC Press.
  • Heimtun, B. (2007) Mobile Identities of Gender and Tourism:The Value of Social Capital. Bristol: University of West of England. (PhD thesis).
  • Hey,V. (1997) The Company She Keeps. An Ethnography of Girls' Friendship. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Hey,V. (2002) `Horizontal Solidarities and Molten Capitalism: The Subject, Intersubjectivity, Self and the Other in Late Modernity', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 23(2): 227-41.[CrossRef]
  • Hutter, H. (2000) `The Virtue of Solitude and the Vicissitudes of Friendships', pp. 131-49 in P. King and H. Devere (eds) The Challenge to Friendship in Modernity. London: Frank Cass.
  • Jenkins, O.H. (1999) `Understanding and Measuring Tourist Destination Image', International Journal of Tourism Research 1(1): 1-15.[CrossRef]
  • Jennings, G. and O. Junek (2007) `Grounded Theory: Innovative Methodology or a Critical Turning from Hegemonic Methodological Praxis in Tourism Studies', pp. 197-210 in I. Ateljevic, A. Pritchard and N. Morgan (eds) The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies. Innovative Research Methods. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Johnston, G. and J. Percy-Smith (2003) `In Search of Social Capital', Policy & Politics 31(3): 321-34.[CrossRef]
  • Jokinen, E. and S.Veijola (1997) `The Disoriented Tourist', pp. 23-51 in C. U. J. Rojek (ed.) Touring Cultures. London: Routledge.
  • Jordan, F. (2003) Gendered Discourses of Tourism:The Experiences of Mid-Life Women Travelling Solo. The University of Gloucestershire. (PhD thesis)
  • Jordan, F. and C. Aitchison (2008 in press) `The Sexualisation of the Tourist Gaze: Solo Female Tourists' Experiences of Gendered Power, Surveillance and Embodiment', Leisure Studies.
  • Jordan, F. and H. Gibson (2005) `"We're Not Stupid... But we'll Not Stay Home Either": Experiences of Solo Women Travelers', Tourism Review International 9(2): 195-211.[CrossRef]
  • Junemo, M. (2004) ``Let's Build a Palm Island!": Playfulness in Complex Times', pp. 181-91 in M. Sheller and J. Urry (eds) Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play. London: Routledge.
  • Kehily, M.J., M.M. An Ghaill, D. Epstein and P. Redman (2002) `Private Girls and Public Worlds: Producing Femininities in The Primary School', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 23(2): 167-77.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kitzinger, J. (1994) `The Methodology of Focus Groups: The Importance of Interaction Between Research Participants', Sociology of Health & Illness 16(1): 103-21.[CrossRef]
  • Kitzinger, J. and C. Farquhar (1999) `The Analytical Potential of "Sensitive Moments" in Focus Group Discussions', pp. 156-72 in R. S. Barbour and J. Kitzinger (eds) Developing Focus Group Research. Politics,Theory and Practice. London: SAGE.
  • Kyle, G. and G. Chick (2004) `Enduring Leisure Involvement: The Importance of Personal Relationships', Leisure Studies 23(3): 243-66.[CrossRef]
  • Larsen, J., J. Urry and K.W. Axhausen (2007) `Networks and Tourism. Mobile Social Life', Annals of Tourism Research 34(1): 244-62.[CrossRef]
  • Lewis, K.G. (1994) `Single Heterosexual Women Through the Life Cycle', pp. 170-87 in M. P. Mirkin (ed.) Women in Context.Toward a Feminist Reconstruction of Psychotherapy. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Lewis, K.G. and S. Moon (1997) `Always Single and Single Again Women: A Qualitative Study', Journal of Marital and FamilyTherapy 23(2): 115-34.[CrossRef]
  • Liebler, C.A. and G.D. Sandefur (2002) `Gender Differences in the Exchange of Social Support with Friends, Neighbours, and Co-Workers at Midlife', Social Science Research 31(3): 364-91.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York, NY: Schocken Books.
  • Mehmetoglu, M. and G. Dann (2003) `Atlas/Ti and Content/Semiotic Analysis in Tourism Research', Tourism Analysis 8(1): 1-13.[CrossRef]
  • Meth, P. (2003) `Entries and Omissions: Using Solicited Diaries in Geographical Research', Area 35(2): 195-205.
  • Montell, F. (1999) `Focus Group Interview: A New Feminist Method', National Women's Studies Association Journal 11(1): 44-71.
  • Morgan, D.L. (1998) The Focus Group Guidebook. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Myers, G. and P. Macnaghten (1999) `Can Focus Groups Be Analysed as Talk?', pp. 173-85 in R. S. Barbour and J. Kitzinger (eds) Developing focus group research. Politics, theory and practice. London: SAGE.
  • Neumann, M. (1993) `Living On Tortoise Time: Alternative Travel as the Pursuit of Lifestyle', Symbolic Interaction 16(3): 201-35.[CrossRef]
  • Portes, A. (1998) `Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology', Annual Review of Sociology 24(1): 1-24.[CrossRef]
  • Pritchard, A. and N.J. Morgan (2000) `Privileging the Male Gaze. Gendered Tourism Landscapes', Annals of Tourism Research 27(4): 884-905.[CrossRef]
  • Putnam, R.D. (2001) Bowling Alone.The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • Putnam, R.D., L.M. Feldstein and D. Cohen (2003) Better Together. Restoring the American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Articlebacks.
  • Redfoot, D.L. (1984) `Touristic Authenticity, Touristic Angst, and Modern Reality', Qualitative Sociology 7(4): 291-309.[CrossRef]
  • Reynolds, J. and M..Wetherell (2003) `The Discursive Climate of Singleness: The Consequences for Women's Negotiation of a Single Identity', Feminism & Psychology 13(4): 489-510.[Abstract]
  • Richards, G. and J. Wilson (eds) (2004) The Global Nomad. Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Rosenberg, M. and B.C. McCullough (1981) `Mattering: Inferred Significance and Mental Health among Adolescents', Research in Community and Mental Health 2: 163-82.
  • Ross, G.F. (2005) `Senior Tourists Sociability and Travel Preparation', Tourism Review 60(2): 6-15.
  • Ryan, C. (1997) `Similar Motivations - Diverse Behaviours', pp. 25-47 in C. Ryan (ed.) The Tourist Experience. A New Introduction. London: Cassell.
  • Sandfield, A. and C. Percey (2003) `Accounting for Single Status: Heterosexism and Ageism in Heterosexual Women's Talk about Marriage', Feminism & Psychology 13(4): 475-88.[Abstract]
  • Schutt, R.K. (1999) Investigating the Social World.The Process and Practice of Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Schwartzberg, N., K. Berliner and D. Jacob (1995) Single in a Married World. A Life Cycle Framework for Working with the Unmarried Adult. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Segraves, M.M. (2004) `Midlife Women's Narratives of Living Alone', Health Care for Women International 25(10): 916-32.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Selänniemi,T. (2002) `Couples on Holiday: (En)Gendered or Endangered Experience?', pp. 15-23 in M. B. Swain and J. H. Momsen (eds) Gender/Tourism/Fun(?). New York, NY: Cognizant Communiction Corporation.
  • Simmons, B.A. (2003) Travel Talk:When Knowledge and Practice Collide.Tracking Gendered Discourses in Popular Texts; In the Stories of Contemporary Australian Women Who Work in the Travel Industry; And Women Who Begin International Leisure Travel in Mid-Life. University of Newcastle. (PhD thesis)
  • Small, J. (2002) `Good and Bad Holiday Experiences: Women's and Girl's Perspective', pp. 24-38 in M. B. Swain and J. H. Momsen (eds) Gender/Tourism/Fun(?). New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
  • Smithson, J. (2000) `Using and Analysing Focus Groups: Limitations and Possibilities', International Journal of Social Research Methodology 3(2): 103-19.[CrossRef]
  • Stein, P.J. (1981) `Understanding Single Adulthood', pp. 9-20 in P. J. Stein (ed.) Single Life. Unmarried Adults in Social Context. New York, NY: St Martin's Press.
  • Stevens, N. and T. v. Tilburg (2000) `Stimulating Friendship in Later Life: A Strategy for Reducing Loneliness among Older Women', Educational Gerontology 26(1): 15-35.[CrossRef]
  • Stokowski, P.A. (1992) `Social Networks and Tourist Behavior', American Behavioral Scientist 36(2): 212-21.[Free Full Text]
  • Strauss, A. and J. Corbin (1990) Basic of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Strauss, A. and J. Corbin (1998) Basic of Qualitative Research.Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Thomas, M. (2005) ` "What Happens in Tenerife Stays in Tenerife": Understanding Women's Sexual Behaviour on Holiday', Culture, Health & Sexuality 7(6): 571-84.[CrossRef]
  • Trauer, B. and C. Ryan (2005) `Destination Image, Romance and Place Experience: An Application of Intimacy Theory in Tourism `, Tourism Management 26(4): 481-91.[CrossRef]
  • Trimberger, E.K. (2005) The New Single Woman. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Turner,V. and E. Turner (1978) Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze. Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Society. London: SAGE.
  • Urry, J. (1995) Consuming Places. London: SAGE.
  • Urry, J. (2000) Sociology Beyond Societies. Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge.
  • Urry, J. (2003) `Social Networks, Travel and Talk', British Journal of Sociology 54(2): 155-175.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Urry, J. (2006) `Preface: Places and Performances', pp. vii-xi in C. Minca and T. Oakes (eds) Travels in Paradox. Remapping Tourism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers.
  • Vries, B. d. (1996) `The Understanding of Friendship. An Adult Life Course Perspective', pp. 249-67 in C. Magai and S. H. McFadden (eds) Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Wang, N. (1999) `Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience', Annals of Tourism Research 26(2): 349-70.[CrossRef]
  • Wang, N. (2000) Tourism and Modernity. A Sociological Analysis. Amsterdam: Pergamon.
  • Warde, A., G. Tampubolon and M. Savage (2005) `Recreation, Informal Social Networks and Social Capital', Journal of Leisure Research 37(4): 402-25.
  • Wearing, B. (1998) Leisure and Feminist Theory. London: SAGE.
  • Wearing, B. and S. Wearing (1996) `Refocussing the Tourist Experience: The Flâneur and the Choraster', Leisure Studies 15(4): 229-43.[CrossRef]
  • White, N.R. and P.B. White (2004) `Travel as Transition. Identity and Place', Annals of Tourism Research 31(1): 200-18.[CrossRef]
  • Wilkinson, S. (1998) `Focus Groups in Feminist Research: Power, Interaction, and the Co-Construction of Meaning', Women's Studies International Forum 21(1): 111-25.[CrossRef]
  • Wilkinson, S. (1999) `How Useful are Focus Groups in Feminist Research?', pp. 64-78 in R. S. Barbour and J. Kitzinger (eds) Developing Focus Group Research. Politics, Theory and Practice. London: SAGE.
  • Wilson, E.C. (2004) A `Journey of Her Own'? The Impact of Constraints on Women's Solo Travel. Griffith University. (PhD thesis)
  • Wilson, E.C. and D.E. Little (2005) `A "Relative Escape"? The Impact of Constraints on Women Who Travel Solo', Tourism Review International 9(2): 155-75.[CrossRef]

Tourist Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3, 271-293 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1468797608092513


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Heimtun, B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?